Index of Topics

A

• A Century of Play — Nintendo: A Century of Play
• Accelerationism — Accelerationism · also in Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
• Accessibility Revolution in Computing — The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
• Accidental Empire — Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire · also in Jeff Bezos and Amazon
• Accidental Hero of WannaCry — Marcus Hutchins: The Accidental Hero of WannaCry
• Adobe — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire · also in John Warnock and PostScript, The JavaScript Revolution, The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself, Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web
• Adult Supervision — Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision · also in Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire
• Affective Computing — Affective Computing: Machines That Read Feelings · also in Rosalind Picard
• Africa’s Tech Industry — Africa’s Tech Industry: Leapfrog, Mobile Money, and the Continent That Skipped the Landline
• Agile Revolution — The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
• AI Education — Andrew Ng and AI Education
• AI Ethics — AI Ethics and Algorithmic Bias
• AI Image Generation — Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation
• AI in Clinical Practice — AI in Clinical Practice
• Airline Reservation Systems — SABRE and Airline Reservation Systems
• Alan Turing — Alan Turing and the ACE · also in Alan Turing and the Enigma, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution, Alonzo Church and Lambda Calculus, David Hilbert and the Entscheidungsproblem, Donald Davies, The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing, Alan Turing’s 2:46 Marathon, Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters, Gödel and the Incompleteness Theorems, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• ALGOL — ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself · also in Peter Naur, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, Friedrich L. Bauer, Alan Perlis and the Epigrams on Programming, Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark’s Computer Company, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR, The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany, The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code, European Computer Science Academia, Germany’s Computing Pioneers, The Nordic Computer Societies, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Algorithm as a Concept — The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• Algorithm That Reorganized Attention — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention
• Algorithmic Bias — AI Ethics and Algorithmic Bias
• Algorithmic Game Theory — Algorithmic Game Theory
• Alibaba — Jack Ma and Alibaba: China’s Internet Pioneer · also in China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, Dead End: Yahoo!, Masayoshi Son and SoftBank, Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model
• AlphaFold — AlphaFold · also in Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI
• AlphaGo — DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI · also in Move 37: The Move That Changed How We Think About Intelligence, Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, Reinforcement Learning, Richard Bellman and Dynamic Programming, Monte Carlo Methods
• Altair 8800 — The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution · also in Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft, The First Personal Computers
• Amazon — Jeff Bezos and Amazon · also in The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, Project Gutenberg and the E-Book, Cadabra, Relentless, and the Bookstore That Became Everything, The Open Source Business Model, The API Economy, The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, Why Amazon Started With Books, The Microservices Revolution, The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds, The Turk: The 18th-Century Chess Machine With a Human Inside, The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash, Dark Patterns: Deceptive Design and the Consent Dialog, Joseph Jacobson, The Gig Economy and Technology, The Rise of the Tech Giants, Anthropic and Claude, The Platform Antitrust Story, Top-Level Domains: Countries, Cash, and Ghost Domains, Content Delivery Networks, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, Recommendation Systems
• AMD — AMD and the x86 Underdog · also in Dead End: Intel Itanium, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon, Spectre, Meltdown, and Hardware Vulnerabilities, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, The Microprocessor Revolution, Andy Grove and Intel, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Amiga — Dead End: The Amiga · also in Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet, The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form, The Atari ST, Jack Tramiel and Commodore, Computing and Music Creation, Will Wright
• Analog Computers — Analog Computers
• Analog Integrated Circuits — Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits
• Android — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Kotlin and Modern JVM Development, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Dead End: BlackBerry, James Gosling and Java, Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company, Dead End: Palm and the PDA, The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”, Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G, Dead End: General Magic, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation, Sundar Pichai and Google, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, The Open Source Business Model, The Podcast Revolution, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface, Linus Torvalds and Linux, Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest, Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure, … and 5 more
• Anonymity Networks — Tor and Anonymity Networks
• Anonymous — Anonymous and LulzSec: Hacktivism and the Mask · also in Fun Fact: Google Recruited with an Anonymous Billboard, Japan’s Digital Culture: Walkman, Tamagotchi, and the Galapagos Problem, The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life, The Hidden Room: The First Software Easter Egg, The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• Anthropic — Anthropic and Claude · also in The LLM Race (2022–), Famous Leaks, Effective Altruism, Jaan Tallinn, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI, Eliezer Yudkowsky
• Antivirus Industry — The Antivirus Industry
• AOL Era — The AOL Era
• API Economy — The API Economy
• Apple — Steve Jobs and Apple · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, Dead End: The Mac Clones, Dead End: BeOS, Jony Ive and Apple Design, Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple, The Platform Tax, Dead End: Apple Newton, Tim Cook and Apple, The Macintosh, Hartmut Esslinger, The Platform Antitrust Story, Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision, The Knowledge Navigator, The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin, August 2, 2018: Apple Reaches $1 Trillion, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, The History of Desktop Environments, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Five Rejections: How HP Passed on the Apple Computer, The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, The Patent Wars, The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, … and 90 more
• Apple Design — Jony Ive and Apple Design
• Apple Newton — Dead End: Apple Newton
• Apple Pippin — Dead End: The Apple Pippin
• Architect of Artificial Minds — Marvin Minsky and the MIT AI Lab: The Architect of Artificial Minds
• Archive Team — Archive Team · also in Link Rot and the Digital Dark Age
• Argentina’s Computing Society — SADIO: Argentina’s Computing Society
• ARM Architecture — The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
• ARPANET — ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet · also in Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect, Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web, BITNET, CSNET, and the Academic Networks, Ray Tomlinson, The First Email: A Message Not Worth Reading, The Myth: The Internet Was Designed to Survive Nuclear War, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet, “LO”: The First Message Sent on the ARPANET, J.C.R. Licklider and the Intergalactic Network, DEC and the Minicomputer Era, Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built, Reaper: The First Antivirus Was Written to Fight the First Virus, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Colossal Cave, Zork, and Interactive Fiction, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, Donald Davies, OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was, The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book, Usenet: The Original Online Community, David Mills and NTP, Kevin Poulsen: Dark Dante and the Radio Station Hack, The History of Spam, Bill Atkinson and HyperCard, Data Communication Prehistory: Telegraph, Morse, and Teletype, Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany, … and 5 more
• Artificial Life — Cellular Automata and Artificial Life
• Asian Computer Science Academia — Asian Computer Science Academia
• Association for Computing Machinery — ACM: The Association for Computing Machinery
• Atari — Nolan Bushnell and Atari · also in The History of the Video Game Industry, The Atari ST, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, Jack Tramiel and Commodore, The Hidden Room: The First Software Easter Egg, Steve Jobs and Apple, Computer Space: The First Arcade Game That Failed So Pong Could Succeed, Dead End: The Transputer, Alan Kay and Smalltalk, Chuck Peddle, Reinforcement Learning, Spacewar! Was the First Video Game to Spread Between Computers, DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI, Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, Dead End: The Amiga, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing, The Home Computer Boom, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, Ralph Baer and the Magnavox Odyssey
• Atari ST — The Atari ST
• Attention Economy — The Attention Economy · also in The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Australia’s Tech Industry — Australia’s Tech Industry: Atlassian, WiFi, and the Tyranny of Distance
• Australian Computer Society (ACS) — Australian Computer Society (ACS)
• Authentication — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• Automata Theory — Automata Theory and Computability
• Automatic Memory Management — Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management
• Automation — Automation and the Future of Work · also in Hardware Description Languages, Friedrich L. Bauer, Margaret Hamilton and the Apollo Software, Content Moderation, Software Testing and QA: The Discipline of Finding Bugs Before Users Do
• Autonomous Vehicle Race — The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History

B

• Barcodes — Barcodes and the UPC
• BBS Era — The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• Before the Computer — Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation · also in Poland’s Computing Industry: Elwro, the Odra, and the Man Who Went to Breed Pigs, The History of Virtual Reality
• Bell Labs — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory · also in The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, Semiconductor Fabrication, A. Michael Noll and Ken Knowlton, Brian Kernighan and the Unix Tools, Ken Thompson and Unix, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything, Claude Shannon and Information Theory, Richard Hamming, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go, William Shockley, Aho and Ullman: The Dragon Book, Doug McIlroy and Unix Pipes, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age, George Stibitz and the Complex Number Calculator, Peter Shor, The Multics Story, Computing and Music Creation, “Hello, World!”: The Origin of the Universal First Program, Claude Shannon: The Juggling Mathematician of Bell Labs, R and Statistical Computing, The Teletype ASR-33, Bjarne Stroustrup and C++, Rosalind Picard, Chester Carlson, … and 7 more
• BeOS — Dead End: BeOS
• Big Data Revolution — The Big Data Revolution
• Bildschirmtext — Dead End: Bildschirmtext
• Bioinformatics — Bioinformatics and the Human Genome · also in AlphaFold, Larry Wall and Perl
• Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline — The Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline
• BITNET — BITNET, CSNET, and the Academic Networks
• BlackBerry — Dead End: BlackBerry · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic
• Bluetooth — Bluetooth · also in Hedy Lamarr and Frequency Hopping
• Bookshelf — The Bookshelf
• Boolean Logic — George Boole and Boolean Logic · also in Claude Shannon and Information Theory
• Britannica — Britannica and the CD-ROM Encyclopedias · also in Dead End: Encarta, Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia
• Browser Extension Ecosystem — The Browser Extension Ecosystem
• Browser Wars — The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door · also in Brendan Eich and JavaScript, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, The JavaScript Revolution
• BSD Family — The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit
• Building Blocks of Computation — Data Structures: The Building Blocks of Computation
• Busy Beaver Problem — The Busy Beaver Problem
• Buying a Computer Industry (Unidata — Dead End: Buying a Computer Industry (Unidata, the Fifth Generation, Alvey, and ESPRIT)
• Bytecode — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• ByteDance — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention · also in The Rise of the Tech Giants, Dead End: Vine, Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model, Recommendation Systems, The Creator Economy, The Streaming Wars

C

• Camillo — Camillo and Adriano Olivetti
• Canada’s AI Cluster — Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) — Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
• Capture the Flag — Capture the Flag: Hacking as a Sport
• CeBIT — CeBIT and the Age of the Computer Trade Fair · also in Heinz Nixdorf, Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth, Computer Science Locations
• Cellular Automata — Cellular Automata and Artificial Life
• Cellular Networks — Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• Centronics — Dead End: Centronics
• Century of Play — Nintendo: A Century of Play
• CGI Revolution — The CGI Revolution
• Chartered Institute for IT — BCS: The Chartered Institute for IT
• Chatbots Before ChatGPT — Chatbots Before ChatGPT
• Chile’s Cybernetic Dream — Project Cybersyn: Chile’s Cybernetic Dream
• China Computer Federation (CCF) — China Computer Federation (CCF)
• China’s Internet Pioneer — Jack Ma and Alibaba: China’s Internet Pioneer
• China’s Tech Industry — China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier
• Chomsky Hierarchy — The Chomsky Hierarchy: Grammar, Languages, and the Spine of Every Parser
• ChromeOS — ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web
• Cisco — Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet · also in Eric Yuan, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun
• Climate Modeling — Weather and Climate Modeling
• Cloud Computing Era — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• Cloud Wars — The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
• Cloud-Native Language — Go: The Cloud-Native Language
• COBOL — COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking · also in More COBOL Than Python: The Language That Refuses to Die, Jean Sammet and COBOL, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself, The Y2K Crisis, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Code Golf — Code Golf and Perl Golf
• Code Red — Code Red: When Incumbents Panic · also in Sundar Pichai and Google
• Coding Theory — Coding Theory and Error Correction
• Colossus — Tommy Flowers and Colossus · also in The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Computer Science Firsts, Emulation and Retrocomputing
• Comecon Computing — Comecon Computing: ES EVM and the Bloc That Copied IBM
• Commodity PC — The Commodity PC
• Commodore — Jack Tramiel and Commodore · also in Dead End: The Amiga, The Best-Selling Computer: Commodore 64, The Home Computer Boom, Microcomputers Made in West Germany, Chuck Peddle, The Atari ST
• Company — IBM: The Company · also in Herman Hollerith and the Punched Card, Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris, Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry, Henk Rogers, Joseph C. Wilson and Haloid, The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution, The Open Source Business Model, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, August 2, 2018: Apple Reaches $1 Trillion, Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention, Chuck Thacker and the Alto, Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet, Curt Herzstark and the Curta, Dead End: Centronics, Dead End: Omnibus Computer Graphics, Eric Yuan, Evelyn Berezin, Family Ties, Gary Starkweather, Heinz Nixdorf, Hennessy and Patterson: The Quantitative Approach, Intel Was a Memory Company, James Goodnight, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, … and 20 more
• Compaq — Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room · also in Rod Canion and Ben Rosen, The Commodity PC, DEC and the Minicomputer Era, NEC PC-98 and Japan’s Domestic PC, Bill Gates and Microsoft, Why USB-A Plugs In Only One Way, The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing, The Portable Computer
• Compiler — The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code · also in Aho and Ullman: The Dragon Book, Alan Perlis and the Epigrams on Programming, Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, Dead End: Intel Itanium, Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark’s Computer Company, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming — LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
• Compiler Optimization — Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization
• Complexity Theory — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question · also in Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
• Computability — Automata Theory and Computability · also in P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Computer Algebra Systems — Computer Algebra Systems
• Computer Animation — Pixar and Computer Animation
• Computer Art — Computer Art and Generative Art · also in Georg Nees and Frieder Nake
• Computer Chess — Deep Blue and Computer Chess
• Computer in the Car — From Carburetor to Code: The Computer in the Car
• Computer in the Pocket — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Computer Press — The Computer Press
• Computer Science Education — Computer Science Education: Teaching the Machine
• Computer Science Firsts — Computer Science Firsts
• Computer Science Locations — Computer Science Locations
• Computer Societies Movement — The Computer Societies Movement
• Computer Society of India (CSI) — Computer Society of India (CSI)
• Computer Vision — Computer Vision
• Computer-Assisted Proof — Computer-Assisted Proof
• Computerized Policing — Horst Herold and Computerized Policing
• Computing Across the Iron Curtain — IFIP: Computing Across the Iron Curtain
• Computing in East Germany — Computing in East Germany: Robotron and the Kombinate
• Computing in Popular Culture — Computing in Popular Culture
• Concurrency — Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem · also in Operating System Concepts: Kernels, Processes, and Scheduling, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go, Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Connected World — The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• Console War It Lost — Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won
• Console Wars — The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming · also in The History of the Video Game Industry
• Container Revolution — The Container Revolution · also in The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• Content Delivery Networks — Content Delivery Networks
• Content Moderation — Content Moderation
• Convolutional Networks — Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks
• Copyright — Copyright and IP in the Digital Age · also in Chester Carlson, Right to Repair, The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, Alexandra Elbakyan and Sci-Hub, Project Gutenberg and the E-Book, Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation, The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture, The Digital Rights Movement, The History of Printing, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, The Podcast Revolution
• Core Memory — Whirlwind, SAGE, and Core Memory
• Creative Software Empire — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• Creator Economy — The Creator Economy
• Crowdfunding — Crowdfunding and Kickstarter · also in Dead End: Pebble, Palmer Luckey, Raph Koster
• Cryotron — Dead End: The Cryotron
• Crypto AG — Crypto AG and Operation Rubicon · also in Switzerland’s Tech Industry: Neutrality, Precision, and the Birthplace of the Web
• Crypto Wars of the 1990s — The Crypto Wars of the 1990s
• Cryptocurrency Revolution — The Cryptocurrency Revolution
• Cryptography — Cryptography: The Secret Science · also in Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman: The Key Exchange That Unlocked the Internet, Bruce Schneier: The Public Intellectual of Security, P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question, Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet, Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and RSA, The Crypto Wars of the 1990s, Bennett and Brassard: Quantum Cryptography, Claude Shannon and Information Theory, Computer Science Firsts, Crypto AG and Operation Rubicon, Cybersecurity: The Invisible War, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Computing, Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali: Proving Cryptography Works
• Cybernetics — Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics · also in Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other, OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was
• Cybersecurity — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War · also in Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation, The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• Cypherpunks — The Cypherpunks: From Chaum to Bitcoin
• Czechoslovakia’s Computing Industry — Czechoslovakia’s Computing Industry: Svoboda, SAPO, and the Institute That Lost Its Founder

D

• Dark Patterns — Dark Patterns: Deceptive Design and the Consent Dialog
• Data Abstraction — Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction
• Data Communication Prehistory — Data Communication Prehistory: Telegraph, Morse, and Teletype
• Data Compression — Data Compression
• Data Science — Data Science and the Notebook
• Data Structures — Data Structures: The Building Blocks of Computation · also in Niklaus Wirth and Pascal
• Database Revolution — The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model
• Database Wars — The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud · also in Larry Ellison and Oracle, SQL Was Called SEQUEL Until an Aircraft Manufacturer Objected
• Dawn of the Semiconductor Age — From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• Day Software Became Property — The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property
• DEC — DEC and the Minicomputer Era · also in Dave Cutler and Windows NT, Hungary’s Computing Industry: The M-3, the “Analysers” of KFKI, and the Boy Who Watched the Ural, William Kahan and IEEE 754, Comecon Computing: ES EVM and the Bloc That Copied IBM, The Teletype ASR-33, Yugoslavia’s Computing Industry: CER, Iskra Delta, and the Computer Broadcast on the Radio, Jim Gray and the Transaction, Poland’s Computing Industry: Elwro, the Odra, and the Man Who Went to Breed Pigs, Spacewar! Was the First Video Game to Spread Between Computers, Chuck Thacker and the Alto, Paul Karger: Mr. High Assurance, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Why USB-A Plugs In Only One Way, Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room, Small Computers of the 1950s, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, Expert Systems and the First AI Winter, How We Use Computers, RISC vs. CISC, Route 128: The Region That Lost to Silicon Valley, Germany’s IT Industry, Interviews and Oral Histories, Triple-I: Information International
• Deep Blue — Deep Blue and Computer Chess · also in The Move That Wasn’t Intelligence: Deep Blue’s Accidental Genius, Newell and Simon: The Thinking Machines, Edward Fredkin, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Deep Learning — Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning · also in Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, ImageNet: The Dataset That Proved Deep Learning Worked, Speech Recognition, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• DeepMind — Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI · also in DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI, AlphaFold, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Jaan Tallinn, Reinforcement Learning, Barto and Sutton: Learning from Reward, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• DEHOMAG — DEHOMAG: IBM’s German Subsidiary
• Democracy / Elections — Tech and Democracy / Elections
• Demoscene — The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• Denmark’s Computer Company — Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark’s Computer Company
• Design Patterns — Design Patterns and the Gang of Four · also in The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• Desktop Publishing Revolution — The Desktop Publishing Revolution
• DevOps Revolution — The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
• Digital Cash — David Chaum and Digital Cash · also in The Cypherpunks: From Chaum to Bitcoin
• Digital Divide — The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn’t
• Digital Maps — Digital Maps and GIS
• Digital Music Revolution — The Digital Music Revolution
• Digital Photography — Digital Photography and the Fall of Kodak
• Digital Rights Movement — The Digital Rights Movement
• Disinformation — Disinformation and Misinformation · also in Tech and Democracy / Elections
• Distributed Systems — Distributed Systems: Consensus, CAP, and the Hard Problems · also in Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction, Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC, Leslie Lamport and the Science of Distributed Systems, The Microservices Revolution
• Domain Name System — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book · also in Jon Postel: The God of the Internet, Symbolics.com: The First Domain Name Ever Registered
• Dominant Mobile OS — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Dot-com Bubble — The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
• Dragon Book — Aho and Ullman: The Dragon Book · also in The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code
• Dynamic Programming — Richard Bellman and Dynamic Programming

E

• E-Commerce Revolution — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• Early Networking Failures — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars
• Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry — Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios
• EDSAC — Maurice Wilkes and EDSAC · also in The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Alan Turing and the Enigma, Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler
• Effective Altruism — Effective Altruism · also in Sam Bankman-Fried and the Collapse of FTX, Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
• El Ajedrecista — Leonardo Torres Quevedo and El Ajedrecista
• ELIZA — Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA · also in ELIZA: The Chatbot That Horrified Its Creator, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, Chatbots Before ChatGPT, Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters
• Email — Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web · also in Dead End: Google Wave, Donald Knuth Has Not Used Email Since 1990, The Fax Machine, The First Email: A Message Not Worth Reading, The White House Put Its Cat on the Web, @ : The Symbol That Connected the World, ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet, Dead End: BlackBerry, Dead End: Google Buzz, Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal, Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, The History of Spam, Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set
• Embedded Systems Story — The Embedded Systems Story: From ROM Firmware to Safety-Critical Software
• Emulation — Emulation and Retrocomputing · also in A Program for a Machine That Didn’t Exist
• Encarta — Dead End: Encarta · also in Britannica and the CD-ROM Encyclopedias
• Engine as a Platform — Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform
• Engineer’s Apple — Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple
• Engineers (KIISE) — Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE)
• ENIAC — ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers · also in Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers, The Weather Machine: What ENIAC Operators Were Told, UNIVAC and the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age, Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age, Monte Carlo Methods, Computer Science Firsts, Scientific and Numerical Computing, Tommy Flowers and Colossus, Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor, Weather and Climate Modeling, Alan Turing and the Enigma, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, John von Neumann, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built — SAP: The Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built
• Eponymous Laws of Computing — Eponymous Laws of Computing
• Erlang — Erlang and the Actor Model · also in The Rise of Functional Programming, Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses, The Philosophy of Programming Languages, The Nordic Computer Societies
• Error Correction — Coding Theory and Error Correction · also in Peter Shor
• Esoteric Programming Languages — Esoteric Programming Languages
• Establishing Informatik in Germany — Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• Estonia — Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios · also in The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• Ethernet — Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet · also in Dead End: Token Ring, Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, Radia Perlman and the Spanning Tree Protocol, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC, Chuck Thacker and the Alto, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, Gary Starkweather, IEEE Computer Society
• Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook — Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook
• European Computer Science Academia — European Computer Science Academia
• EVE Online — EVE Online
• Evolution of Language — The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• Expert Systems — Expert Systems and the First AI Winter · also in The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution

F

• Facebook — Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook: The Social Network That Rewired Society · also in The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space, Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook, Content Moderation, Dead End: Google+, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, 13 Employees, $1 Billion: The Instagram Acquisition, The Rise of the Tech Giants, $345 Million Per Employee: The WhatsApp Acquisition, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, The Platform Antitrust Story, Dead End: Yahoo!, Palmer Luckey, The History of Virtual Reality, Dead End: Orkut, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Haskell and Pure Functional Programming, Dark Patterns: Deceptive Design and the Consent Dialog, Mary Lou Jepsen, Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks, Digital Photography and the Fall of Kodak, The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other, The Big Data Revolution, The Attention Economy, Crowdfunding and Kickstarter, … and 1 more
• Fairchild Semiconductor — Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor · also in The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World, Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything, William Shockley, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth
• Family Ties — Family Ties
• Famous Leaks — Famous Leaks
• Famous Software Disasters — Famous Software Disasters
• Fastest Machines on Earth — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Fathers of the Internet — Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet
• Fax Machine — The Fax Machine
• File Systems — File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS
• Filesharing Era — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
• Finding the Web — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• First Graphical Interface — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• First Personal Computers — The First Personal Computers
• First Stored-Program Computer — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• First Wave — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave · also in The Creator Economy
• Flash — Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web · also in The JavaScript Revolution, High-Frequency Trading, Fun Fact: “All Your Base Are Belong to Us” Came from a Bad Translation, The History of Web Design, The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire, WebAssembly, Steve Jobs and Apple
• Forgotten Inventor — Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor
• Formal Methods — Formal Methods and Model Checking
• FORTRAN — John Backus and FORTRAN · also in The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization, The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code, APL: The Language Written in Its Own Alphabet, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, IBM: The Company, Alan Perlis and the Epigrams on Programming
• Fractals — Benoit Mandelbrot and Fractals
• France’s Tech Industry — France’s Tech Industry: Minitel, State Ambition, and the Grande École Pipeline
• Freelance Programmers — Stephanie “Steve” Shirley and Freelance Programmers
• Frequency Hopping — Hedy Lamarr and Frequency Hopping
• From “Mendax” to WikiLeaks — Julian Assange: From “Mendax” to WikiLeaks
• From 1G to 5G — Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• From Bletchley to DeepMind — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• From BNF to ANTLR — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• From Carburetor to Code — From Carburetor to Code: The Computer in the Car
• From Chaum to Bitcoin — The Cypherpunks: From Chaum to Bitcoin
• From Complexity to CAPTCHA — Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
• From Euclid to Turing — The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• From Exploration to Geopolitics — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• From Follower to Frontier — China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier
• From ICQ to Signal — Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal
• From iPod to Nest — Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest
• From MRP to ERP — From MRP to ERP: Software for the Factory
• From NeXTSTEP to Darwin — The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin
• From Pixels to Intelligence — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• From Rice Cooker to PlayStation — Sony: From Rice Cooker to PlayStation
• From Terminals to Touch — Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch
• From Unix to Go — Rob Pike: From Unix to Go
• Fuzzy Logic — Fuzzy Logic

G

• Game Engines — Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform
• Garbage Collection — Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management
• General Magic — Dead End: General Magic · also in Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest, The Knowledge Navigator
• Generative AI Revolution — The Generative AI Revolution
• Generative Art — Computer Art and Generative Art
• Geopolitics of Silicon — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• German Chapter of the ACM — German Chapter of the ACM · also in Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• German Language Technology — Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology
• Germany’s Computing Pioneers — Germany’s Computing Pioneers
• Germany’s IT Industry — Germany’s IT Industry
• Gesellschaft für Informatik — Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• Gig Economy — The Gig Economy and Technology · also in Tech Labor Movements
• Globalization of Software — The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• God of the Internet — Jon Postel: The God of the Internet
• Google — Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure · also in Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web, Dead End: Google+, Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Dead End: Google Wave, Sundar Pichai and Google, Dead End: Google Reader, Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire, Dead End: Google Buzz, The Rise of the Tech Giants, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Dead End: Google Stadia, The Platform Antitrust Story, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Dead End: Orkut, Dead End: Yahoo!, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, Jeff Dean and Google’s Infrastructure, The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, The Platform Tax, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space, The Big Data Revolution, The LLM Race (2022–), The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need”, … and 113 more
• Google Buzz — Dead End: Google Buzz
• Google Glass — Dead End: Google Glass & The First Wearable Wave
• Google Reader — Dead End: Google Reader · also in Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard
• Google Stadia — Dead End: Google Stadia
• Google Wave — Dead End: Google Wave
• Google’s Infrastructure — Jeff Dean and Google’s Infrastructure
• Google+ — Dead End: Google+ · also in The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Dead End: Google Buzz, Archive Team
• Gopher — Dead End: Gopher, the Web That Almost Was · also in The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• GPU Revolution — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• Graph Algorithms — Graph Algorithms
• Graphics APIs — Graphics APIs: OpenGL, DirectX, and Vulkan

H

• Hacker Culture — The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life
• Hacker Who Warned Washington — Peiter “Mudge” Zatko: The Hacker Who Warned Washington
• Hacking as a Sport — Capture the Flag: Hacking as a Sport
• Haloid — Joseph C. Wilson and Haloid · also in Chester Carlson
• Hardest Easy Question — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Hardware Description Languages — Hardware Description Languages
• Hardware Vulnerabilities — Spectre, Meltdown, and Hardware Vulnerabilities
• Hashing — Hashing
• Haskell — Haskell and Pure Functional Programming · also in The Rise of Functional Programming, Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover
• HD-DVD — Dead End: HD-DVD
• Hewlett-Packard — Hewlett-Packard · also in Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room, Sandra Kurtzig, The Pocket Calculator
• Hidden Codebreaker — Elizebeth Smith Friedman: The Hidden Codebreaker
• High-Frequency Trading — High-Frequency Trading
• History of Cyberwar — The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• History of Desktop Environments — The History of Desktop Environments
• History of Displays — The History of Displays
• History of Green IT — The History of Green IT
• History of Hacking — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• History of Online Dating — The History of Online Dating
• History of Parsing — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• History of Passwords — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• History of Printing — The History of Printing
• History of Sorting — The History of Sorting
• History of Spam — The History of Spam
• History of Speech Synthesis — The History of Speech Synthesis
• History of the Video Game Industry — The History of the Video Game Industry
• History of Virtual Reality — The History of Virtual Reality
• History of Web Design — The History of Web Design
• History of Wi-Fi — The History of Wi-Fi
• History of Word Processing — The History of Word Processing
• Home Computer Boom — The Home Computer Boom
• How We Use Computers — How We Use Computers
• Huawei — Ren Zhengfei and Huawei: From PLA Engineer to Global Telecom Giant · also in China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, China Computer Federation (CCF), Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Human Computation — Luis von Ahn and Human Computation
• Human-Computer Interaction — Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch
• Hungary’s Computing Industry — Hungary’s Computing Industry: The M-3, the “Analysers” of KFKI, and the Boy Who Watched the Ural
• HyperCard — Bill Atkinson and HyperCard · also in NetNoir and the Afrocentric Web, Ward Cunningham and the Wiki: The Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work
• Hypertext — Ted Nelson and Hypertext: The Dream That Partially Came True · also in Vannevar Bush and the Memex

I

• IBM Mainframe Era — The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World
• IBM PC — The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing · also in Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, 4.77 MHz: The IBM PC Ran on a Television Crystal, The Spreadsheet Revolution, Dead End: The Amiga, Chuck Peddle, NEC PC-98 and Japan’s Domestic PC, Bill Gates and Microsoft, The Xerox PARC Revolution, The Microprocessor Revolution, Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• IBM PC’s Killer App — Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App
• IBM Watson Health — Dead End: IBM Watson Health
• IBM’s German Subsidiary — DEHOMAG: IBM’s German Subsidiary
• IDE Wars — The IDE Wars
• Idea Factory — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory
• IEEE 754 — William Kahan and IEEE 754 · also in IEEE Computer Society, Konrad Zuse and the Z3
• IEEE Computer Society — IEEE Computer Society · also in The Computer Societies Movement
• IITPSA — IITPSA: South Africa’s IT Professional Society
• ILLIAC IV — Dead End: ILLIAC IV
• ImageNet — ImageNet: The Dataset That Proved Deep Learning Worked · also in Fei-Fei Li and ImageNet: The Dataset That Fed the Revolution, Alex Krizhevsky, Computer Vision, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI, Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning, Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks, Yoshua Bengio and the Montreal School, The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• India’s IT Industry — India’s IT Industry
• India’s Telecom Revolution — Sam Pitroda and India’s Telecom Revolution
• Industrialization of Cybercrime — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• Information International — Triple-I: Information International
• Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) — Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ)
• Information Retrieval — Karen Spärck Jones and Information Retrieval
• Information Theory — Claude Shannon and Information Theory
• Instant Messaging — Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal
• Integrated Circuit Revolution — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• Intel — Andy Grove and Intel · also in Dead End: Intel Itanium, Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432, Federico Faggin and the Microprocessor, Gordon Moore and Moore’s Law, AMD and the x86 Underdog, The Microprocessor Revolution, Intel Was a Memory Company, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Spectre, Meltdown, and Hardware Vulnerabilities, The Commodity PC, William Kahan and IEEE 754, RISC vs. CISC, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, Steve Jobs and Apple, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth, Dead End: Silicon Graphics, Michael Dell, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, Niklaus Wirth and Pascal, The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property, … and 23 more
• Intel iAPX 432 — Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432
• Intel Itanium — Dead End: Intel Itanium
• Interactive Fiction — Colossal Cave, Zork, and Interactive Fiction
• Internet Freedom — Online Censorship and Internet Freedom
• Internet Law — Internet Law and Section 230
• Internet Memes — Internet Memes
• Internet Relay Chat — IRC: Internet Relay Chat and the Roots of Real-Time Messaging
• Internet’s Own Boy — Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy
• Internet’s Phone Book — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• Interviews — Interviews and Oral Histories
• Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming — Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming
• Invisible Pioneers — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• Invisible War — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War
• IoT Revolution — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• Ireland’s Tech Industry — Ireland’s Tech Industry: The Tax Rate, the Galway Plant, and the Business of Being Elsewhere’s Headquarters
• Iridium — Dead End: Iridium · also in Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, Dead End: Teledesic, Globalstar and the First Satellite Internet
• Israel’s Tech Industry — Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation
• Italy’s Computing Industry — Italy’s Computing Industry: Pisa, Ivrea, and the Sale of 1964
• Italy’s Computing Society — AICA: Italy’s Computing Society

J

• Japan’s Computing Industry — Japan’s Computing Industry
• Japan’s Digital Culture — Japan’s Digital Culture: Walkman, Tamagotchi, and the Galapagos Problem
• Japan’s Domestic PC — NEC PC-98 and Japan’s Domestic PC
• Java Ecosystem — The JVM and Java Ecosystem
• JavaScript — Brendan Eich and JavaScript · also in The JavaScript Revolution, WebAssembly, Mocha, LiveScript, JavaScript: The Name That Confused a Generation, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, Ten Days in May: How JavaScript Was Built Under Deadline, Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, James Gosling and Java, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, Volunteer-Maintained Infrastructure, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover, Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• JavaScript Revolution — The JavaScript Revolution

K

• KGB Hack — The KGB Hack: Karl Koch, Markus Hess, and the Cuckoo’s Egg
• Kickstarter — Crowdfunding and Kickstarter · also in Dead End: Pebble, Yu Suzuki, LucasArts and the Point-and-Click Adventure
• Killed by Google — Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard
• Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom) — Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom)
• Knowledge Navigator — The Knowledge Navigator
• Kolmogorov Complexity — Kolmogorov Complexity
• Kotlin — Kotlin and Modern JVM Development · also in The JVM and Java Ecosystem, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Kryptos — Kryptos: The Cipher in the CIA Courtyard

L

• Lambda Calculus — Alonzo Church and Lambda Calculus · also in The Rise of Functional Programming
• Language That Democratized Programming — BASIC: The Language That Democratized Programming
• Language That Runs Banking — COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking
• Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem — Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem
• Language the Pentagon Built — Ada: The Language the Pentagon Built
• Language Written in Its Own Alphabet — APL: The Language Written in Its Own Alphabet
• Latin America’s Tech Industry — Latin America’s Tech Industry: MercadoLibre, Nubank, and the Fintech Continent
• Learning from Reward — Barto and Sutton: Learning from Reward
• Limits to Growth — The Limits to Growth and World3
• Link Rot — Link Rot and the Digital Dark Age
• Linker — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• Linux — Linus Torvalds and Linux · also in The Open Source Revolution, Richard Stallman and GNU, The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit, Git: Named After Its Creator, Written in Ten Days, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Linux Was Named by Someone Other Than Linus Torvalds, The Open Source Business Model, 10,000 to 27 Million: The Linux Kernel’s 2,700× Growth, The History of Desktop Environments, The Nordic Computer Societies, The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, The Open Source Movement, The Container Revolution, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Ken Thompson and Unix, The Rise of Version Control: From SCCS to Git and GitHub, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS, Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, … and 6 more
• Lisp Machine Era — The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• LLM Race (2022–) — The LLM Race (2022–)
• Loader Story — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• Logic Programming — Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses
• Logician Who Shaped Programming — Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming
• Lotus 1-2-3 — Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App · also in The Spreadsheet Revolution
• Low-Level Layer — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• LucasArts — LucasArts and the Point-and-Click Adventure
• LulzSec — Anonymous and LulzSec: Hacktivism and the Mask · also in The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics, The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life

M

• Mac Clones — Dead End: The Mac Clones
• Machine Translation — Machine Translation · also in Karen Spärck Jones and Information Retrieval, Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler, The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• Machines That Read Feelings — Affective Computing: Machines That Read Feelings
• Macintosh — The Macintosh · also in Steve Jobs and Apple, Dead End: The Mac Clones, Susan Kare and the Macintosh Icons, Hartmut Esslinger, The History of Desktop Environments, The Xerox PARC Revolution, NetNoir and the Afrocentric Web, The Spreadsheet Revolution, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire, The Desktop Publishing Revolution, Bill Atkinson and HyperCard, Bill Gates and Microsoft, Dead End: The Amiga, The Atari ST, The Windows Story, Will Wright
• Maemo — Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo · also in Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company
• Manchester Baby — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer · also in Alan Turing and the Enigma
• Match That Changed AI — DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI
• Mechanical Calculation — Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation · also in The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• Microcomputers Made in West Germany — Microcomputers Made in West Germany
• Microprocessor Revolution — The Microprocessor Revolution
• Microservices Revolution — The Microservices Revolution
• Microsoft — Bill Gates and Microsoft · also in Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, The Windows Story, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, Dead End: OS/2, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft, MS-DOS: The $75,000 Operating System That Built Microsoft, Dead End: Microsoft Bob and Clippy, The Spreadsheet Revolution, Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Dead End: WordPerfect, Microsoft’s 90% Fall and Return: The Ballmer Decade and the Nadella Recovery, Dead End: Skype, The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, Dead End: Encarta, Dead End: Short Cases, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Ray Ozzie, The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, … and 70 more
• Microsoft Bob — Dead End: Microsoft Bob and Clippy
• Microsoft’s Mobile Failures — Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures
• Microsoft’s Transformation — Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation · also in The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
• Middle East’s Tech Industry — The Middle East’s Tech Industry: Oil Money, Startups, and the Vision 2030 Bet
• MINIX — Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX · also in Linus Torvalds and Linux
• Misinformation — Disinformation and Misinformation
• Missed Electronic Age — Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age
• Missing Cryptoqueen — Ruja Ignatova: The Missing Cryptoqueen
• Mistral — Mistral · also in France’s Tech Industry: Minitel, State Ambition, and the Grande École Pipeline
• MIT Media Lab — The MIT Media Lab
• MMORPGs — MMORPGs and Virtual Worlds
• MMS — Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth
• Mobile Computing Revolution — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Model Checking — Formal Methods and Model Checking
• Modem — The Modem and the Carterfone Decision
• Modern AI — Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI · also in Germany’s Computing Pioneers
• Modern JVM Development — Kotlin and Modern JVM Development
• Monte Carlo Methods — Monte Carlo Methods
• Moore’s Law — Gordon Moore and Moore’s Law · also in Moore’s Law: What It Actually Said, The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• Mosaic — Mosaic: The Browser That Made the Web Mainstream · also in Marc Andreessen and Netscape, The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn’t, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing, The IPO That Started a Bubble: Netscape, August 1995
• Motorola — Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It · also in Dead End: Iridium, Chuck Peddle, Dead End: General Magic, The Patent Wars, Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Dead End: Symbian, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, Dead End: The Mac Clones, The Atari ST
• Mozilla — Mitchell Baker and Mozilla · also in Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, Brendan Eich and JavaScript, The Browser Extension Ecosystem, The Open Source Revolution, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door
• Mr. High Assurance — Paul Karger: Mr. High Assurance
• Multics Story — The Multics Story
• Music Creation — Computing and Music Creation
• Myths — Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing · also in Outlaws and Provocateurs, Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine, Affective Computing: Machines That Read Feelings, Africa’s Tech Industry: Leapfrog, Mobile Money, and the Continent That Skipped the Landline, Alan Turing and the Enigma, Barcodes and the UPC, Bill Gates and Microsoft, COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking, Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect, Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters, Computer Science Firsts, Computer Space: The First Arcade Game That Failed So Pong Could Succeed, Computing in Popular Culture, Craig Wright: The Man Who Said He Was Satoshi, DEC and the Minicomputer Era, Dead End: Osborne, Dead End: Palm and the PDA, Dead End: Yahoo!, Deep Blue and Computer Chess, Douglas Engelbart and the Mother of All Demos, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, Edsger Dijkstra and Structured Programming, Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web, Erlang and the Actor Model, Famous Leaks, … and 56 more

N

• Napster — Napster and the P2P Music Revolution · also in The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, The Digital Music Revolution, Computing and Music Creation
• Natural Language Processing Revolution — The Natural Language Processing Revolution
• NEC PC-98 — NEC PC-98 and Japan’s Domestic PC
• Net Neutrality Battles — The Net Neutrality Battles
• Netflix — Reed Hastings and Netflix · also in The Streaming Wars, The Microservices Revolution, Recommendation Systems
• Netherlands’ Tech Industry — The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint
• NetNoir — NetNoir and the Afrocentric Web
• Netscape — Marc Andreessen and Netscape · also in Mitchell Baker and Mozilla, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, The IPO That Started a Bubble: Netscape, August 1995, Mosaic: The Browser That Made the Web Mainstream, HTTPS Was Invented by Netscape, Mocha, LiveScript, JavaScript: The Name That Confused a Generation, Brendan Eich and JavaScript, Ten Days in May: How JavaScript Was Built Under Deadline, The AOL Era, Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos, The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash, The Open Source Revolution, The JavaScript Revolution, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Dave Winer and RSS, Bill Gates and Microsoft, The History of Web Design
• Network Architect — Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect
• Network Science — Network Science and the Small World
• Networking Hardware Story — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Neural Networks — John Hopfield and Neural Networks · also in Computing and Music Creation, Frank Rosenblatt: The Forgotten Pioneer of Neural Networks, Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler
• Nintendo — Nintendo: A Century of Play · also in The History of the Video Game Industry, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won, Dead End: Silicon Graphics, Sonic Team: Naka, Ohshima and Yasuhara, The Platform Tax, Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris, Henk Rogers, No Light: The Game Boy’s Design Choice That Sold Accessories, Sony: From Rice Cooker to PlayStation, The History of Virtual Reality, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, Emulation and Retrocomputing, Computer Science Locations, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Nokia — Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company · also in Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo, The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, Dead End: Symbian, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Dead End: WAP and the Mobile Web, Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, David Potter, The Nordic Computer Societies
• Nordic Computer Societies — The Nordic Computer Societies
• Nordic Tech Industry — The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North
• Numerical Computing — Scientific and Numerical Computing
• Nvidia — Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI · also in The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, AMD and the x86 Underdog, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, Dead End: Silicon Graphics, The Rise of the Tech Giants

O

• Omnibus Computer Graphics — Dead End: Omnibus Computer Graphics
• Online Censorship — Online Censorship and Internet Freedom
• OOP Revolution — The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• Open Hardware Movement — The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
• Open Letter to Hobbyists — The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property
• Open Source Business Model — The Open Source Business Model
• Open Source Movement — The Open Source Movement
• Open Source Revolution — The Open Source Revolution
• Open Standards Process — The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
• OpenAI — Sam Altman and OpenAI · also in Ilya Sutskever and the GPT Series, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Effective Altruism, Jony Ive and Apple Design, Anthropic and Claude, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, The LLM Race (2022–), Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, Reinforcement Learning, Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation, Copyright and IP in the Digital Age, Paul Graham and Y Combinator, The Generative AI Revolution, The Rise of the Tech Giants
• Operating System Concepts — Operating System Concepts: Kernels, Processes, and Scheduling
• Operation Rubicon — Crypto AG and Operation Rubicon
• Oracle — Larry Ellison and Oracle · also in The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Marc Benioff and Salesforce, The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model, James Gosling and Java, The Rise of SaaS, Edgar Codd and the Relational Model, From MRP to ERP: Software for the Factory, Kotlin and Modern JVM Development, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, The Open Source Business Model
• Oral Histories — Interviews and Oral Histories
• Original Online Community — Usenet: The Original Online Community
• Orkut — Dead End: Orkut
• OS/2 — Dead End: OS/2 · also in The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Dave Cutler and Windows NT, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App
• Osborne — Dead End: Osborne · also in Lee Felsenstein, The Portable Computer, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing, The Spreadsheet Revolution
• Other Half of Microsoft — Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft
• Other Sun Founder — Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• Outlaws — Outlaws and Provocateurs

P

• P vs. NP — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Pac-Man — Toru Iwatani and Pac-Man
• Packet Switching — Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built · also in ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Palm — Dead End: Palm and the PDA · also in The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Dead End: Apple Newton, Dead End: BeOS
• Parallelism — Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem · also in Danny Hillis and the Connection Machine, The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need”
• Patent Wars — The Patent Wars
• PC Gaming Revolution — The PC Gaming Revolution
• Pebble — Dead End: Pebble · also in Crowdfunding and Kickstarter
• Peiter “Mudge” Zatko — Peiter “Mudge” Zatko: The Hacker Who Warned Washington
• Perl Golf — Code Golf and Perl Golf
• Personal Computing Explosion — The Personal Computing Explosion
• Philosophy of Programming Languages — The Philosophy of Programming Languages
• Physical Internet — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Pirate Bay — Peter Sunde and The Pirate Bay · also in The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
• Pixar — Pixar and Computer Animation · also in Ed Catmull, The CGI Revolution, Steve Jobs and Apple, Dead End: BeOS, John Whitney and Charles Csuri, TRON and the Academy’s “Cheating” Verdict
• Platform — The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax · also in The Gig Economy and Technology, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Rise of the Tech Giants, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Dead End: Palm and the PDA, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, The IDE Wars, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, Crowdfunding and Kickstarter, Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App, Dave Winer and RSS, Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web, Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, Dead End: WordPerfect, Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform, Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure, Internet Law and Section 230, John Warnock and PostScript, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth, … and 6 more
• Platform Antitrust Story — The Platform Antitrust Story
• Platform Tax — The Platform Tax
• PLATO — PLATO and the Birth of Online Community · also in Donald Bitzer, Ray Ozzie, Computer Science Firsts, Interviews and Oral Histories, The History of Displays
• Pocket Calculator — The Pocket Calculator
• Podcast Revolution — The Podcast Revolution
• PointCast — Dead End: PointCast and Push Technology · also in Kim Polese
• Poland’s Computing Industry — Poland’s Computing Industry: Elwro, the Odra, and the Man Who Went to Breed Pigs
• Polish Cryptologists Who Broke Enigma — The Polish Cryptologists Who Broke Enigma
• Port for Almost Everything — USB: The Port for Almost Everything
• Portable Computer — The Portable Computer
• Post-Quantum Cryptography — Post-Quantum Cryptography · also in Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet, Quantum Computing
• Postgres — Michael Stonebraker and Postgres
• PostScript — John Warnock and PostScript · also in The Desktop Publishing Revolution, Triple-I: Information International, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• Privacy for the People — Phil Zimmermann and PGP: Privacy for the People
• Privacy War — The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention
• Product Graveyard — Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard
• Project Cybersyn — Project Cybersyn: Chile’s Cybernetic Dream
• Project Gutenberg — Project Gutenberg and the E-Book
• Prolog — Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses · also in Erlang and the Actor Model, Expert Systems and the First AI Winter, Asian Computer Science Academia
• Protocol — BitTorrent: The Protocol · also in Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, Radia Perlman and the Spanning Tree Protocol, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet, The IDE Wars, Anthropic and Claude, Jeff Dean and Google’s Infrastructure, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, David Mills and NTP, Dead End: WAP and the Mobile Web, HTTP 418: The Error Code That Exists to Brew Nothing, The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture, Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web, Computing and Music Creation, The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book, The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, Dead End: Google Wave, Jon Postel: The God of the Internet
• Protocol Wars — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars · also in The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• Proving Cryptography Works — Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali: Proving Cryptography Works
• Provocateurs — Outlaws and Provocateurs
• Public Domain — Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet · also in Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy, Copyright and IP in the Digital Age, Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• Public Intellectual of Security — Bruce Schneier: The Public Intellectual of Security
• Public Key Cryptography — Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet
• Pure Functional Programming — Haskell and Pure Functional Programming
• Python — Guido van Rossum and Python · also in Python and the Flying Circus: How a Comedy Show Named a Programming Language, Data Science and the Notebook, The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint, The Philosophy of Programming Languages, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Spam: Named After a Monty Python Sketch, More COBOL Than Python: The Language That Refuses to Die, Larry Wall and Perl, R and Statistical Computing, Ruby and Rails, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover, Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem, The History of Sorting, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science

Q

• Qualcomm — Qualcomm: The Invisible Tax on Every Phone · also in Dead End: Teledesic, Globalstar and the First Satellite Internet, The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, The Patent Wars
• Quantitative Approach — Hennessy and Patterson: The Quantitative Approach
• Quantum Computing — Quantum Computing
• Quantum Cryptography — Bennett and Brassard: Quantum Cryptography · also in Post-Quantum Cryptography, Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet, Quantum Computing
• Queen of Code — Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code
• Query Language That Outlived Everything — SQL: The Query Language That Outlived Everything

R

• Rails — Ruby and Rails · also in Christmas Day, 1996: Ruby 1.0
• Randomness in Algorithms — Randomness in Algorithms
• Ransomware Epidemic — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• Reading Paths — Reading Paths
• Recommendation Systems — Recommendation Systems
• Recruiting by Puzzle — Recruiting by Puzzle
• Regnecentralen — Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark’s Computer Company · also in The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, Peter Naur, Computer Science Locations
• Reinforcement Learning — Reinforcement Learning
• Remote Work Revolution — The Remote Work Revolution
• Retrocomputing — Emulation and Retrocomputing
• Reversible Computing — Reversible Computing · also in Edward Fredkin
• Right to Repair — Right to Repair
• RISC vs. CISC — RISC vs. CISC
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence — The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• Rise of Developer Communities — The Rise of Developer Communities
• Rise of Functional Programming — The Rise of Functional Programming
• Rise of High-Level Languages — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• Rise of SaaS — The Rise of SaaS
• Rise of the Tech Giants — The Rise of the Tech Giants
• Rise of Version Control — The Rise of Version Control: From SCCS to Git and GitHub
• Robotics — Robotics · also in Dead End: Palm and the PDA
• Route 128 — Route 128: The Region That Lost to Silicon Valley
• Russian Computing — Soviet and Russian Computing: Parallel History, Divergent Fate
• Russian Internet — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet

S

• SABRE — SABRE and Airline Reservation Systems
• SADIO — SADIO: Argentina’s Computing Society
• Salesforce — Marc Benioff and Salesforce · also in The API Economy, The Rise of SaaS, SAP: The Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built
• Samsung — Samsung: From Dried Fish to the World’s Memory · also in South Korea’s Tech Industry: Chaebol, DRAM, and the Miracle on the Han River, The Patent Wars, The Knowledge Navigator, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo, Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem: OEM, ODM, and the Smiling Curve, Computer Science Locations, The History of Displays
• SAT Solvers — SAT Solvers
• Satellite Navigation — GPS and Satellite Navigation
• Sci-Hub — Alexandra Elbakyan and Sci-Hub
• Search Engine Wars — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• Second Life — Dead End: Second Life · also in @ : The Symbol That Connected the World, Dead End: Pebble, Dead End: Skype
• Secret Science — Cryptography: The Secret Science
• Section 230 — Internet Law and Section 230 · also in Content Moderation
• Secure by Design — Secure by Design: A History of Software Security Engineering
• Selling Everything to Everyone — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• Semantic Web — Dead End: The Semantic Web · also in Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• Semiconductor Fabrication — Semiconductor Fabrication
• Semiconductor Race — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• Setun — Setun: The Ternary Computer
• Shakey the Robot — A* and Shakey the Robot
• Shareware — Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet · also in Doom’s Piracy Strategy: Copying Was the Marketing Plan
• Short Cases — Dead End: Short Cases
• Shrinking the World — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• Silicon Graphics — Dead End: Silicon Graphics · also in Dead End: VRML & The First Metaverse
• Silicon Valley — Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth · also in Accelerationism, Route 128: The Region That Lost to Silicon Valley, Effective Altruism, Hewlett-Packard, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other, Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry: Grab, Gojek, and the Super-App Archipelago, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits, India’s IT Industry, William Shockley, Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach, Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet, Steve Jobs and Apple, Tech Labor Movements, George Hotz: geohot, the iPhone, and the PlayStation War, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, Jack Kilby and the Integrated Circuit
• Silicon Valley Philosophies — Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
• Simula — Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That · also in Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming, The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down, Bjarne Stroustrup and C++
• Singapore Computer Society (SCS) — Singapore Computer Society (SCS)
• Singularity — The Singularity and Superintelligence · also in Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other, Ray Kurzweil, Ilya Sutskever and the GPT Series, Eliezer Yudkowsky
• Sketchpad — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• Skype — Dead End: Skype · also in Eric Yuan, Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios, Jaan Tallinn
• Small Computers of the 1950s — Small Computers of the 1950s
• Smalltalk — Alan Kay and Smalltalk · also in Adele Goldberg and Smalltalk, The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming, Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface, Larry Tesler and the War on Modes
• Smart Card — The Smart Card
• Social Media Revolution — The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC) — Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC)
• SoftBank — Masayoshi Son and SoftBank · also in The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
• Software Crisis — The Software Crisis: How a 1968 Conference Named Computing’s Permanent Problem
• Software for the Factory — From MRP to ERP: Software for the Factory
• Software Testing — Software Testing and QA: The Discipline of Finding Bugs Before Users Do
• Software-Defined Industry — Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry
• Sonic Team — Sonic Team: Naka, Ohshima and Yasuhara
• South Korea’s Tech Industry — South Korea’s Tech Industry: Chaebol, DRAM, and the Miracle on the Han River
• Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry — Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry: Grab, Gojek, and the Super-App Archipelago
• Soviet Internet That Never Was — OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was
• Spain’s Computing Industry — Spain’s Computing Industry: From the Ajedrecista to the Golden Age of the Spectrum
• Speaking to the Machine — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• Spectrum Auctions — Spectrum Auctions
• Speech Recognition — Speech Recognition
• Spreadsheet Revolution — The Spreadsheet Revolution
• Stable Diffusion — Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation
• Statistical Computing — R and Statistical Computing
• Steam — Valve and Steam · also in Gabe Newell, The PC Gaming Revolution, The Platform Tax, Fuzzy Logic, The History of the Video Game Industry, The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
• Stephanie “Steve” Shirley — Stephanie “Steve” Shirley and Freelance Programmers
• Storage Revolution — The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon
• Story of Mel — The Story of Mel
• Streaming Wars — The Streaming Wars
• String Matching — String Matching
• Structured Programming — Edsger Dijkstra and Structured Programming · also in AICA: Italy’s Computing Society, Niklaus Wirth and Pascal, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• Sun Microsystems — Dead End: Sun Microsystems · also in Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• Supercomputer Era — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Supercomputing — Seymour Cray and Supercomputing
• Superintelligence — The Singularity and Superintelligence · also in Nick Bostrom, Ilya Sutskever and the GPT Series, Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
• Surveillance Capitalism — Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior
• Swift — Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era · also in LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Switzerland’s Tech Industry — Switzerland’s Tech Industry: Neutrality, Precision, and the Birthplace of the Web
• Symbian — Dead End: Symbian · also in David Potter, Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo, Code Red: When Incumbents Panic, The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax

T

• Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem — Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem: OEM, ODM, and the Smiling Curve
• Teaching the Machine — Computer Science Education: Teaching the Machine
• Tech Labor Movements — Tech Labor Movements
• Teledesic — Dead End: Teledesic, Globalstar and the First Satellite Internet · also in Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry
• Teletype ASR-33 — The Teletype ASR-33
• Tencent — Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model · also in China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, IITPSA: South Africa’s IT Professional Society
• Ternary Computer — Setun: The Ternary Computer
• Tetris — Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris · also in Henk Rogers
• The 414s — The 414s: The Teenagers Who Made Congress Notice Hacking
• The Accidental Empire — Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire · also in Jeff Bezos and Amazon
• The Adult Supervision — Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision
• The Agile Revolution — The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
• The Altair 8800 — The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution
• The Amiga — Dead End: The Amiga · also in The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• The Antivirus Industry — The Antivirus Industry
• The AOL Era — The AOL Era
• The API Economy — The API Economy
• The Apple Pippin — Dead End: The Apple Pippin
• The ARM Architecture — The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
• The Atari ST — The Atari ST
• The ATM — The ATM
• The Attention Economy — The Attention Economy · also in The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• The Autonomous Vehicle Race — The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History
• The BBS Era — The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• The Big Data Revolution — The Big Data Revolution
• The Browser Extension Ecosystem — The Browser Extension Ecosystem
• The Browser Wars — The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door · also in The JavaScript Revolution
• The BSD Family — The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit
• The Busy Beaver Problem — The Busy Beaver Problem
• The CGI Revolution — The CGI Revolution
• The Chomsky Hierarchy — The Chomsky Hierarchy: Grammar, Languages, and the Spine of Every Parser
• The Cloud Computing Era — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• The Cloud Wars — The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
• The Cloud-Native Language — Go: The Cloud-Native Language
• The Commodity PC — The Commodity PC
• The Compiler — The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code · also in Alan Perlis and the Epigrams on Programming, Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, Dead End: Intel Itanium, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark’s Computer Company, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• The Computer Press — The Computer Press
• The Computer Societies Movement — The Computer Societies Movement
• The Connected World — The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• The Console Wars — The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming · also in The History of the Video Game Industry
• The Container Revolution — The Container Revolution · also in The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• The Creative Software Empire — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• The Creator Economy — The Creator Economy
• The Cryotron — Dead End: The Cryotron
• The Cryptocurrency Revolution — The Cryptocurrency Revolution
• The Cypherpunks — The Cypherpunks: From Chaum to Bitcoin
• The Database Revolution — The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model
• The Database Wars — The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud · also in SQL Was Called SEQUEL Until an Aircraft Manufacturer Objected
• The Demoscene — The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• The Desktop Publishing Revolution — The Desktop Publishing Revolution
• The DevOps Revolution — The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
• The Digital Divide — The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn’t
• The Digital Music Revolution — The Digital Music Revolution
• The Digital Rights Movement — The Digital Rights Movement
• The Domain Name System — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• The Dominant Mobile OS — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• The Dot-com Bubble — The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
• The Dragon Book — Aho and Ullman: The Dragon Book
• The E-Commerce Revolution — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• The Embedded Systems Story — The Embedded Systems Story: From ROM Firmware to Safety-Critical Software
• The Engineer’s Apple — Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple
• The Evolution of Language — The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• The Fax Machine — The Fax Machine
• The First Graphical Interface — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• The First Personal Computers — The First Personal Computers
• The First Stored-Program Computer — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• The First Wave — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave · also in The Creator Economy
• The Forgotten Inventor — Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor
• The Generative AI Revolution — The Generative AI Revolution
• The Geopolitics of Silicon — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• The Gig Economy — The Gig Economy and Technology · also in Tech Labor Movements
• The Globalization of Software — The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• The GPU Revolution — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• The Hacker Culture — The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life
• The Hardest Easy Question — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• The Hidden Codebreaker — Elizebeth Smith Friedman: The Hidden Codebreaker
• The History of Cyberwar — The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• The History of Displays — The History of Displays
• The History of Hacking — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• The History of Parsing — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• The History of Passwords — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• The History of Printing — The History of Printing
• The History of Sorting — The History of Sorting
• The History of Spam — The History of Spam
• The History of Wi-Fi — The History of Wi-Fi
• The Home Computer Boom — The Home Computer Boom
• The IBM Mainframe Era — The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World
• The IBM PC — The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing · also in 4.77 MHz: The IBM PC Ran on a Television Crystal, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, The Microprocessor Revolution, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take
• The IDE Wars — The IDE Wars
• The Idea Factory — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory
• The Industrialization of Cybercrime — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• The Integrated Circuit Revolution — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• The Intel iAPX 432 — Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432
• The Internet’s Own Boy — Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy
• The Internet’s Phone Book — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• The Invisible Pioneers — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• The Invisible War — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War
• The IoT Revolution — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• The JavaScript Revolution — The JavaScript Revolution
• The JVM — The JVM and Java Ecosystem · also in James Gosling and Java
• The KGB Hack — The KGB Hack: Karl Koch, Markus Hess, and the Cuckoo’s Egg
• The Knowledge Navigator — The Knowledge Navigator
• The Limits to Growth — The Limits to Growth and World3
• The Linker — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• The Lisp Machine Era — The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• The LLM Race (2022–) — The LLM Race (2022–)
• The Low-Level Layer — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• The Mac Clones — Dead End: The Mac Clones
• The Macintosh — The Macintosh · also in Steve Jobs and Apple
• The macOS Lineage — The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin
• The Manchester Baby — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• The Microprocessor Revolution — The Microprocessor Revolution
• The Microservices Revolution — The Microservices Revolution
• The Missed Electronic Age — Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age
• The Missing Cryptoqueen — Ruja Ignatova: The Missing Cryptoqueen
• The MIT Media Lab — The MIT Media Lab
• The Mobile Computing Revolution — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• The Modem — The Modem and the Carterfone Decision
• The Multics Story — The Multics Story
• The Net Neutrality Battles — The Net Neutrality Battles
• The Netherlands’ Tech Industry — The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint
• The Network Architect — Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect
• The Networking Hardware Story — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• The Nordic Computer Societies — The Nordic Computer Societies
• The Nordic Tech Industry — The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North
• The OOP Revolution — The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• The Open Hardware Movement — The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
• The Open Source Movement — The Open Source Movement
• The Open Source Revolution — The Open Source Revolution
• The Open Standards Process — The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
• The Original Online Community — Usenet: The Original Online Community
• The Other Sun Founder — Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• The Patent Wars — The Patent Wars
• The PC Gaming Revolution — The PC Gaming Revolution
• The Personal Computing Explosion — The Personal Computing Explosion
• The Physical Internet — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• The Platform Antitrust Story — The Platform Antitrust Story
• The Platform Tax — The Platform Tax
• The Pocket Calculator — The Pocket Calculator
• The Podcast Revolution — The Podcast Revolution
• The Portable Computer — The Portable Computer
• The Privacy War — The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention
• The Product Graveyard — Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard
• The Protocol Wars — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars
• The Quantitative Approach — Hennessy and Patterson: The Quantitative Approach
• The Queen of Code — Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code
• The Ransomware Epidemic — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• The Remote Work Revolution — The Remote Work Revolution
• The Rise of SaaS — The Rise of SaaS
• The Russian Internet — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet
• The Search Engine Wars — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• The Secret Science — Cryptography: The Secret Science
• The Semantic Web — Dead End: The Semantic Web · also in Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• The Semiconductor Race — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• The Singularity — The Singularity and Superintelligence · also in Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
• The Smart Card — The Smart Card
• The Social Media Revolution — The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• The Software Crisis — The Software Crisis: How a 1968 Conference Named Computing’s Permanent Problem
• The Spreadsheet Revolution — The Spreadsheet Revolution
• The Storage Revolution — The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon
• The Story of Mel — The Story of Mel
• The Streaming Wars — The Streaming Wars
• The Supercomputer Era — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• The Teletype ASR-33 — The Teletype ASR-33
• The Ternary Computer — Setun: The Ternary Computer
• The Thinking Machines — Newell and Simon: The Thinking Machines
• The Transformer — The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need” · also in The Natural Language Processing Revolution, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• The Transistor — The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible · also in Bell Labs: The Idea Factory, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• The Transputer — Dead End: The Transputer
• The Traveling Salesman Problem — The Traveling Salesman Problem
• The Trillion Dollar Coach — Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach
• The Typewriter — The Typewriter and the Keyboard
• The UK Computing Industry — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• The Unix Story — The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World
• The Vectrex — Dead End: The Vectrex
• The Virtualization Revolution — The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• The Visionary Architect — Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect
• The Voice Assistant Revolution — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• The Von Neumann Architecture — The Von Neumann Architecture
• The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate — The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate: Full Disclosure, Responsible Disclosure, and the Bug Bounty Economy
• The Warez — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution · also in The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• The Web’s Workhorse — PHP: The Web’s Workhorse
• The Windows Story — The Windows Story
• The Xerox PARC Revolution — The Xerox PARC Revolution
• The Y2K Crisis — The Y2K Crisis
• TikTok — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention · also in Dead End: Vine, The Creator Economy, The Rise of the Tech Giants
• Time-Sharing — Fernando Corbató and Time-Sharing · also in Maurice Wilkes and EDSAC, The Multics Story, DEC and the Minicomputer Era, John McCarthy and LISP, The Teletype ASR-33
• Token Ring — Dead End: Token Ring · also in Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet
• Top-Level Domains — Top-Level Domains: Countries, Cash, and Ghost Domains · also in The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• Transformer — The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need” · also in John Hopfield and Neural Networks, Schmidhuber, Hochreiter, and LSTM, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, Yoshua Bengio and the Montreal School, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, Machine Translation, Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution, Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology
• Transistor — The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible · also in From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age, Bell Labs: The Idea Factory, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything
• Transputer — Dead End: The Transputer
• Traveling Salesman Problem — The Traveling Salesman Problem
• Trillion Dollar Coach — Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach
• Triple-I — Triple-I: Information International · also in Gary Demos, Edward Fredkin, The CGI Revolution
• Type Systems — Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover
• Typewriter — The Typewriter and the Keyboard · also in Dijkstra’s Pen: Why a Computer Scientist Wrote by Hand, Speech Recognition

U

• UK Computing Industry — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• Ukraine’s Developer Ecosystem — Ukraine’s Developer Ecosystem: From Outsourcing Hub to Wartime Resilience
• UML — UML and the Three Amigos
• Unicode — Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set · also in The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”, The Original Emoji Are in the Museum of Modern Art
• UNIVAC — UNIVAC and the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation · also in UNIVAC Called the Election Correctly, but CBS Hid the Result, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, Small Computers of the 1950s, The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• Unix Pipes — Doug McIlroy and Unix Pipes
• Unix Story — The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World
• Usenet — Usenet: The Original Online Community · also in Spam: Named After a Monty Python Sketch, Linus Torvalds and Linux, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, The Story of Mel
• UTF-8 — Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set · also in Ken Thompson and Unix, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go

V

• Valve — Valve and Steam · also in Gabe Newell, The PC Gaming Revolution, The Platform Tax, The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, The History of the Video Game Industry
• Vector Graphic — Lore Harp McGovern and Vector Graphic
• Vectrex — Dead End: The Vectrex
• Venture Capital — Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry · also in Australia’s Tech Industry: Atlassian, WiFi, and the Tyranny of Distance, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth
• Verbmobil — Dead End: Verbmobil · also in Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology, Wolfgang Wahlster
• Videotex — Videotex: Prestel, Minitel and the Viewdata Era
• Vine — Dead End: Vine
• Virtual Worlds — MMORPGs and Virtual Worlds · also in Richard Bartle
• Virtualization Revolution — The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• VisiCalc — Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App · also in The Spreadsheet Revolution, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Pardo and Landau: LANPAR and the Spreadsheet Patent
• Visionary Architect — Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect
• Voice Assistant Revolution — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• Volunteer Computing — Volunteer Computing
• Volunteer-Maintained Infrastructure — Volunteer-Maintained Infrastructure
• Von Neumann Architecture — The Von Neumann Architecture
• VRML — Dead End: VRML & The First Metaverse
• Vulnerability Disclosure Debate — The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate: Full Disclosure, Responsible Disclosure, and the Bug Bounty Economy

W

• Wang Labs — Dead End: Wang Labs
• WAP — Dead End: WAP and the Mobile Web · also in Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• Warez — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution · also in The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• Web’s Workhorse — PHP: The Web’s Workhorse
• Web3 — Dead End: Web3 and NFTs · also in Usenet: The Original Online Community
• WebAssembly — WebAssembly · also in Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
• When Everything Connects — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• When Incumbents Panic — Code Red: When Incumbents Panic
• When the Server Disappeared — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• Wikipedia — Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia · also in Ward Cunningham and the Wiki: The Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work, Digital Maps and GIS, Dead End: Encarta, Dead End: The Semantic Web
• Windows NT — Dave Cutler and Windows NT · also in Dead End: OS/2, The Windows Story, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, DEC and the Minicomputer Era
• Windows Story — The Windows Story
• Women in Computing — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• WordPerfect — Dead End: WordPerfect · also in The History of Word Processing, Dead End: Wang Labs
• World3 — The Limits to Growth and World3

X

• Xerox PARC — Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC · also in Douglas Engelbart and the Mother of All Demos, The History of Desktop Environments, Alan Kay and Smalltalk, Steve Jobs and Apple, Chuck Thacker and the Alto, Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution, The $16,595 Future: The Xerox Star, The History of Word Processing, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Interviews and Oral Histories, Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch, Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet
• Xerox PARC Revolution — The Xerox PARC Revolution

Y

• Y Combinator — Paul Graham and Y Combinator · also in Sam Altman and OpenAI, The Worm and the Accelerator: Robert Morris and Y Combinator, Robert Tappan Morris and the First Internet Worm
• Y2K Crisis — The Y2K Crisis
• Yahoo! — Dead End: Yahoo! · also in Archive Team, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing, Link Rot and the Digital Dark Age, Masayoshi Son and SoftBank
• Yandex — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet · also in Soviet and Russian Computing: Parallel History, Divergent Fate
• Yugoslavia’s Computing Industry — Yugoslavia’s Computing Industry: CER, Iskra Delta, and the Computer Broadcast on the Radio